Introduction
Water is the most abundant component in foods. Among these, fruits and vegetables show a mass fraction of water in the range of 90% and 98%. Its amount and its peculiar chemical and physical characteristics make it the key factor for biological and chemical degradation reactions. In particular, water is the most important medium in which chemical and biological reagents may move, collide and react. (Derossi et al., 2011)
Effect of water activity on the oxidation is complex (Gloria et al, 1995; Jayathilakan, Sharma, Radhakrishna and Bawa, 2007; Obara, Obiedzinski, & Kolczak, 2006). Increased moisture in the dry matrix can increase the rate of oxidation by increasing the mobility of the reactants and the catalyst to a solution carriage. As the swelling solid matrix, the new surface exposed to the catalyst. However, water can also slow down the oxidation process with hydration or attenuate heavy metal catalysts or accelerating them as hydroxide. Water can also resist decomposition of peroxide by hydrogen bonds with the hydroperoxide, and encourage radical recombination can disrupt the chain of oxidation reactions. The result of this is in some foods, the rate of oxidation reaches a minimum in accordance with the value of water activity monomolecular water content (Brennan, 1994).
Furthermore, water significantly modify physical and chemical properties of vegetables such as thermal conductivity, heat capacity, dielectric properties, electrical conductivity, boiling and freezing point, firmness, etc., which are key factors for all dehydration technologies as well as for others important industrial processes. So, the knowledge regarding the correlation between both the above reactions, food properties and water is crucial for the correct production of dried vegetables. However, these correlations not always are linear but often very complex. For these reasons the fundamental aspects concerning the water in food are summarized hereafter. (Derossi et al., 2011)
Drying is a process of heat and mass transfer simultaneously, accompanied by a phase change
The rate of drying depends on factors - factors that influence transfer mechanisms, such as the vapor pressure of material and drying air temperature and air velocity, water diffusion in the material, thickness and surface open for drying (Van Arsdel, 1973; Lewicki and Jakubczyk, 2004). Drying or dehydration is defined as the reduction in water content by artificial heat to the conditions of temperature, RH, and air flow control. The main purpose of drying or dehydration is to reduce the water content without damaging the structure of the product (Brennan, 1978). The rate of drying depends on the factors that influence the transfer mechanisms, such as the vapor pressure of the material and drying air temperature and air velocity, water diffusion in the material, thickness and surface open for drying (Van Arsdel, 1973; Lewicki and Jakubczyk, 2004).
One of the main characteristics of the powder spray drying is the moisture that affected some spray drying conditions. In general, the water content in the product can be obtained with higher air temperatures and longer contact time (Masters, 1979). Spray drying is a common technique for drying and encapsulation heat sensitive foodstuffs (Gharsallaoui et al, 2007).
Although air drying offers dehydrated products that can have an extended period of a year worth of consumption, the quality of conventional dried products, which are significantly affected by changes that occur during food manufacturing and/or storage, usually drastically reduced from that of the original foodstuff. Changes in the physical state of the product including shrinkage, fracture, migration of solids, case hardening and loss of rehydration ability and volatile aromas. Changes in chemical (enzymatic reaction, non-enzymatic browning and oxidation of lipids, pigments and vitamins) are also influenced by the physical structure, mainly because of its influence on the mobility of molecules, which alter the molecular species diffusivity. Important changes in the physical condition of product during drying shrinkage, which affects the quality of the final material, produces large changes in volume. Because the material subjected to heating and moisture loss during drying, there is pressure in the
cellular structure, causing a reduction in volume. (Kurozawa et al., 2011)
Some ways of drying that can be used, but the chosing is not solely dependent on economic factors, but the type of material to be dried is also a major factor in determining the drying method used. Spray drying is a technique used extensively in the food and drug industry, and used in optimal conditions to obtain the product in the form of powder (Mahboubeh Fazaeli et al., 2012). spray drying is widely used to produce powders of fruits (Renata V. Tonon et al., 2008). In general, materials that form the system dispersion (solution, suspension, slurry, and pasta) dried with a spray drying process (). Spray drying is drying that works by spraying the dispersion system into flow of dry air and (usually) indoor heat dryer, but the dryer still has a performance that is still very low. Problems that exist in the current spray dryer is the low efficiency, product stickiness and high temperature drying air can damage the nutritional content, such as vitamins, proteins and β-carotene on the material to be dried (Kevin Mis Solval et al., 2011).
Water content and sugar content material also affects the low glass transition temperature, glass transition temperature (Tg) (Goula & Adamopoulos, 2004). ie the phase that occurs after the drying step which was originally passed in which solid particles turn into a liquid resembling soft rubber (Peng Zhu et al., 2011), so that the product becomes sticky. The higher the moisture content of the product, the lower the glass temperature (Tg) (Goula & Adamopoulos, 2004), considering the Tg of water is -135 ° C so that the material is getting sticky. While sugars such as fructose and glucose has a Tg 5 and 31 oC (Goula & Adamopoulos, 2009). Hence the material easily sticky and stick to the walls of the chamber. This is undesirable because of the material that sticks and accumulates in the walls of the chamber may be forfeited and will contaminate other products (Goula & Adamopoulos, 2004). To make unsticky product then the concentration of water in the product should be such that the temperature of the product is less than its Tg. In addition, the high drying air temperatures also result in inefficient dryer and high temperature so that the product can damage the flavor, color, aroma and some other substances (heat sensitive materials). Indonesian archipelago has high humidity, so the drying process often requires high air temperatures as well. This is contrary to the conditions required by a spray drying, as described above.
How to optimize the drying temperature, then spray dryer combined with freeze drying using nitrogen (Wang et. Al., 2006) or in combination with fludised bed drying (Ronsse, 2007). But the first way too expensive (if for drying fruit juice) and the second way is not suitable for fruit juice because of the high water content and sticky. Another alternative is the combination of vacuum drying, or a combination with a dehumidifier. This study will combine the spray drying with a dehumidifier (remembering specific humidity of air high in Indonesia) so that specific humidity is low and the air dryer resulted in the evaporation rate is high, thus the drying air temperature can be lowered. However dehumidifier refrigeration systems require high energy that will reduce efficiency. Thus research needs to be done to see the effect of system utilization refrigeration the minimum temperature on the performance of air conditioning systems and spray drying.
The main issues that will be examined here are: The low efficiency, product stickiness and high temperatures can damage the dryer on the nutrient content of the dried material (especially material that contains material that is sensitive to heat) by spray drying in humid regions, such as Indonesia. The combination of spray drying with the refrigeration system can degrade the performance of the system, which increases the energy consumption for the compressor.
Objective of the research are
How to optimize the drying temperature, then spray dryer combined with freeze drying using nitrogen (Wang et. Al., 2006) or in combination with fludised bed drying (Ronsse, 2007). But the first way too expensive (if for drying fruit juice) and the second way is not suitable for fruit juice because of the high water content and sticky. Another alternative is the combination of vacuum drying, or a combination with a dehumidifier. This study will combine the spray drying with a dehumidifier (remembering specific humidity of air high in Indonesia) so that specific humidity is low and the air dryer resulted in the evaporation rate is high, thus the drying air temperature can be lowered. However dehumidifier refrigeration systems require high energy that will reduce efficiency. Thus research needs to be done to see the effect of system utilization refrigeration the minimum temperature on the performance of air conditioning systems and spray drying.
The main issues that will be examined here are: The low efficiency, product stickiness and high temperatures can damage the dryer on the nutrient content of the dried material (especially material that contains material that is sensitive to heat) by spray drying in humid regions, such as Indonesia. The combination of spray drying with the refrigeration system can degrade the performance of the system, which increases the energy consumption for the compressor.
Objective of the research are
1. Assessing the impact of the use of a dehumidifier from a refrigeration system to the flow rate of material (water, distilled water) and performance (energy consumption) as a whole system for a wide variety of process parameters, such as air flow, humidity and air conditioning The minimum temperature of the drying air.
2. Assessing the impact of condenser heat recovery from the refrigeration system performance (energy consumption) as a whole system for a wide variety of process parameters, such as air flow, humidity and temperature minimum air dryer air dryer for drying materials of water (distilled water).
Methodology
The object of this study is water to be analyzed with spray dryer equipped with dehumidifier with additional condenser heat utilization in drying air. The combination of air pressure nozzles incoming materials: 2 bars. Three combinations drier airflow: 150, 300, and 450 (LPM). Three combinations of dehumidifier temperature of drying air about: 20.0; 15.0; 10.0 (oC). Three combinations of drying air temperature 60, 90, and 120 (o C). This experiment was done with
a spray drier in Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Indonesia. Data collection was done over a period of time in June 2014.
Drying air is sucked from the environment by the blower to the evaporator. In the evaporator, the air dehumidified then flew through the orifice. Amount of air flow can be seen in the flowmeter. The air passed through condenser 2, so that the temperature was risen and risen again by heater. Then in the drying chamber, the material was atomized by the pressure nozzle with the help of sprayer air compressor and then mixed with air that passed the heater. Heat and mass transfer processes were occured. The water would evaporate, Then, exit through the cyclone.
2.3 Calculation
Environment dry bulb temperature, RH and enthalpy (index: 1). From measurements of air temperature at the orifice, obtained dry bulb and wet bulb temperature, and enthalpy after the evaporator (index: 2).
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